Guhangana n'ingorane zo kwinjiza firigo ntoya mu Bwongereza na Esipanye bisaba uburyo bw'ingamba. Ubucuruzi buhura n'imbogamizi zidasanzwe muri iki gikorwa. Iyi nyandiko ivuga ku ngingo z'ingenzi zijyanye n'amategeko, imari, ibikoresho, n'isoko. Ibi bintu ni ingenzi kugira ngo ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga bigende neza kandi byujuje ibisabwa. Gusobanukirwa ibisabwa bitandukanye kuri buri karere binoza uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa. Binagabanya ibyago kufirigo ntoya igurishwa mu Bwongereza, muri Esipanye B2BIbigo bigomba gusobanukirwa ibi bisobanuro kugira ngo bigurishe firigo nto mu Bwongereza.
Ibintu by'ingenzi byakunzwe
- Sobanukirwa amategeko agenga firigo nto. Ubwongereza bukeneye ibimenyetso bya UKCA. Esipanye ikeneye ibimenyetso bya CE. Ibihugu byombi bifite amategeko agenga kongera gukoresha ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga.
- Menya ikiguzi. Ubwongereza bufite imisoro yabwo na TVA ya 20%. Esipanye ikoresha imisoro ya EU na IVA ya 21%. Ibi biciro birahinduka bitewe n'aho firigo ikomoka.
- Tegura uburyo bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa byawe witonze. Koresha uburyo bwo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mazi ku bicuruzwa byinshi kugira ngo uzigame amafaranga. Korana n'inzobere mu gutwara ibicuruzwa kugira ngo ucunge impapuro n'imisoro.
- Menya neza ko firigo nto zikora muri buri gihugu. Ubwongereza na Esipanye byombi bikoresha ingufu za 230V. Ubwongereza bukeneye plagi yihariye. Esipanye ikoresha plagi zitandukanye.
- Tanga ubufasha bwiza ku bakiliya. Ubwongereza bufite amategeko agenga ibintu bifite inenge. Esipanye ifite garanti y'imyaka ibiri ku bicuruzwa. Serivisi nziza itera icyizere abaguzi.
Iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko agenga firigo nto zitumizwa mu Bwongereza na Esipanye
Ibigo bigomba kunyura mu buryo butandukanye mu bijyanye n’amategeko iyo binjije firigo nto mu Bwongereza na Esipanye. Buri karere gatanga ibisabwa byihariye ku mutekano w’ibicuruzwa, kubahiriza ibidukikije, no kwandika inyandiko. Gusobanukirwa aya mabwiriza bituma habaho imisoro igenda neza kandi birinda ibihano bishobora gufatirwa.
Amabwiriza yihariye y'Ubwongereza nyuma ya Brexit
Nyuma ya Brexit, Ubwongereza bwashyizeho uburyo bwabwo bwo kugenzura. Abatumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bagomba kugenzura ko firigo nto zubahiriza amahame y’umutekano w’ibicuruzwa byo mu Bwongereza. Ibi akenshi bisaba kubahiriza ibisabwa na UKCA, byasimbuye ikimenyetso cya CE ku bicuruzwa byashyizwe ku isoko ry’Ubwongereza. Ubwongereza kandi bunafite amabwiriza yabwo bwite agenga ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi n’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga (WEEE). Aya mategeko ategeka ko ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga bitangizwa kandi bigasubirwamo mu buryo bunoze. Ibigo bikora murifirigo ntoya igurishwa mu Bwongerezabagomba gusobanukirwa aya mategeko yihariye y'igihugu.
Amabwiriza yihariye ya Esipanye nk'Umunyamuryango w'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi
Esipanye, nk'igihugu kiri mu muryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi, ikurikiza amabwiriza yose y'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi. Ikimenyetso cya CE ni itegeko ku bicuruzwa byose by'ikoranabuhanga bigurishwa mu Muryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi, harimo na firigo nto. Iki cyemezo kigaragaza ko gikurikije amahame y'ubuzima, umutekano, no kurengera ibidukikije. Amabwiriza menshi y'ingenzi akurikizwa kuri firigo nto. Harimo Amabwiriza y'Umuvuduko Muke (LVD) 2014/35/EU, Amabwiriza yo Guhuza Electromagnetic (EMC) 2014/30/EU, na RoHS Amabwiriza (Kugabanya Ibintu Bishobora Guteza Akaga) 2011/65/EU.
Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi (EU) unashyira mu bikorwa amabwiriza ya 2012/19/EU ku bikoresho by’amashanyarazi n’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga (WEEE). Aya mabwiriza agamije kurengera ibidukikije binyuze mu guteza imbere kongera gukoresha no kongera gukoresha ibikoresho. Ashyira inshingano ku bakora cyangwa abakwirakwiza ibi bikoresho mu gukusanya, gutunganya no kongera gukoresha ibi bikoresho. Frigo nto ziri mu byiciro bya WEEE nka 'Ibikoresho binini' cyangwa 'Ibikoresho bito' bitewe n'ingano yabyo. Byongeye kandi, gahunda ya Green Dot ni itegeko muri Esipanye mu gupakira. Iyi gahunda ihuza ibikorwa byo gukusanya, gutondekanya no kugarura ibikoresho byakoreshejwe mu gupakira.
Inyandiko z'ingenzi ku turere twombi
Abatumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bakeneye inyandiko zihariye ku Bwongereza na Esipanye. Itangazo ry’Ubuziranenge (DoC) ni ingenzi ku bicuruzwa byinjira mu Muryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi, harimo na Esipanye. Iyi nyandiko yemeza ko ibicuruzwa byujuje ibisabwa byose by’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi. DoC ku bicuruzwa bito bigomba kuba birimo ibisobanuro by’uruganda, ibisobanuro by’ibicuruzwa, amabwiriza akurikizwa, n’itangazo ry’inshingano. Ku Bwongereza, itangazo ringana n’iryo ry’ubuziranenge bw’amategeko y’Ubwongereza ni ngombwa. Utu turere twombi dukeneye inyandiko zuzuye za tekiniki. Ibi birimo ibisobanuro by’imiterere, raporo z’ibizamini, n’ibitabo by’abakoresha. Inyandiko zisanzwe za gasutamo nka inyemezabuguzi z’ubucuruzi, urutonde rw’ibipakiye, n’ibyemezo by’aho bikomoka nabyo ni ingenzi cyane ku bucuruzi mpuzamahanga.
Imisoro, amahoro n'imisoro ku bicuruzwa bito bitwinjizwa mu mahanga
Ibigo by’ubucuruzi bitumizwa mu mahanga bikonjesha bito bigomba gusobanukirwa ingaruka z’amafaranga ku misoro, imisoro n’amahoro. Ibi biciro bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku giciro cya nyuma n’inyungu z’ibicuruzwa mu Bwongereza na Esipanye. Kubara no gutegura neza ni ingenzi kugira ngo ibikorwa byo gutumiza ibicuruzwa bigende neza.
Imisoro ku bicuruzwa biva mu Bwongereza n'imisoro ku nyongeragaciro
Abatumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bazana firigo nto mu Bwongereza bahura n'imisoro yihariye hamwe n'umusoro ku nyongeragaciro (TVA). Ubwongereza butanga imisoro ku bicuruzwa bishingiye ku cyiciro cy'ibicuruzwa hakurikijwe imisoro mpuzamahanga y'Ubwongereza. Iyi misoro iratandukanye bitewe n'ubwoko bw'ibicuruzwa n'igihugu byaturutsemo. Ibigo bigomba gushyira firigo nto mu byiciro neza kugira ngo bimenye igipimo cy'umusoro gikwiye.
Igipimo gisanzwe cya TVA mu Bwongereza ni 20%. Iki gipimo kireba ibicuruzwa na serivisi nyinshi, harimo n'ibikoresho byo mu rugo nka frigo nto. Abatumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bishyura uyu musoro ku nyongeragaciro aho binjirira cyangwa binyuze muri sisitemu y'ibaruramari isubitswe. Hari izindi biciro bya TVA, nko kugabanywaho 5% ku bintu bimwe na bimwe cyangwa kugabanywaho 0% ku bindi. Ariko, frigo nto zitumizwa mu Bwongereza zikunze kugabanywaho 20%. Ubusanzwe ubucuruzi bushobora gusubiza uyu musoro ku nyongeragaciro niba bwaranditswe ku musoro ku nyongeragaciro.
Imisoro ku bicuruzwa biva muri Esipanye na TVA (IVA)
Esipanye, nk'umunyamuryango w'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi, yubahiriza imisoro rusange y'imisoro ku bicuruzwa bya firigo byinjiye muri Esipanye biturutse hanze y'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi. Ibi bivuze ko imisoro ku bicuruzwa bito bikonjesha byinjira muri Esipanye biturutse hanze y'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi muri rusange ihoraho mu bihugu byose bigize Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi. Igipimo cy'imisoro giterwa n'uburyo ibicuruzwa bishyirwa mu byiciro n'igihugu bikomokamo.
Umusoro ku Gaciro ka Esipanye, uzwi nka IVA (Impuesto sobre el Valor Añadido), ukoreshwa ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga. Igipimo gisanzwe cya IVA ku bikoresho byo mu rugo, harimo na firigo nto, ni 21%. Iki gipimo kikoreshwa ku byiciro bitandukanye by'ibicuruzwa nk'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, imyenda, imashini, n'ibikoresho byo mu nzu. Abatumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bishyura iyi IVA iyo binjiye muri Esipanye. Kimwe no mu Bwongereza, ibigo byemewe na TVA ubusanzwe bishobora kugaruza IVA yishyuwe ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga. Gusobanukirwa iyi miterere y'imisoro ni ingenzi kugira ngo ibiciro bibe nyabyo no guteganya imari.
Ingamba zo gutwara ibintu n'ubwikorezi muri frigo nto
Ingamba zinoze zo gutwara ibintu n’ubwikorezi ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo ibicuruzwa bito bikonjeshwe bitumizwa mu mahanga bigire ingaruka nziza. Ibigo bigomba gutegura neza buri ntambwe kugira ngo bigerweho ku gihe kandi bikoreshe neza ikiguzi. Ibi birimo guhitamo amasezerano y’ubucuruzi akwiye, gukoresha serivisi z’inzobere, no guhitamo uburyo bukwiye bwo gutwara ibintu.
Guhitamo Incoterms nziza zo gutumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga
Guhitamo Incoterms nziza bisobanura inshingano n'ikiguzi hagati y'abaguzi n'abagurisha. Aya magambo asobanura neza ubwishingizi, imizigo, na gasutamo mu byiciro bitandukanye by'urugendo. Ku bicuruzwa bito bya B2B bitumizwa muri Esipanye, ubucuruzi bukunze gusanga "CIF Valencia cyangwa FOB China port" ari Incoterms zisanzwe. CIF (Ikiguzi, Ubwishingizi, n'Imizigo) bivuze ko umugurisha yishyura ikiguzi cy'ibicuruzwa, ubwishingizi, n'imizigo ku cyambu cyitiriwe aho bijya. FOB (Ubuntu mu bwato) bivuze ko umugurisha azana ibicuruzwa mu bwato bwagenwe n'umuguzi ku cyambu cyitiriwe aho bijyanwa. Gusobanukirwa aya magambo bifasha gucunga ibyo umuntu yiteze n'inshingano ze z'imari.
Uruhare rw'abatwara imizigo n'abahuza imisoro
Abashinzwe gutwara imizigo bafite uruhare runini mu guhuza ibikorwa byose byo kohereza imizigo. Bacunga ubwikorezi kuva aho buva bukagera, bashinzwe gutanga impapuro, kwandika no gukurikirana ibicuruzwa. Abahuza ba gasutamo bihariye mu kugenzura amategeko agoye ya gasutamo. Bagenzura ko imisoro n'amahoro byose bikenewe byishyurwa kandi ko ibicuruzwa bikurikiza amategeko y'igihugu. Guhuza aba banyamwuga boroheje imikorere kandi bigabanya gutinda cyangwa ibihano bishobora gufatirwa. Ubuhanga bwabo ni ingenzi cyane ku masoko y'ibicuruzwa bito bitwinjizwa mu Bwongereza no muri Esipanye.
Uburyo bwiza bwo kohereza firigo nto
Ubusanzwe ubucuruzi buhitamo hagati y’ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi n’ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere ku bicuruzwa bito byo mu mazi bicuruzwa mu mahanga. Ubwikorezi bwo mu mazi akenshi ni bwo buryo buhendutse cyane ku bwinshi cyangwa bugurishwa. Urugero, kohereza ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro ka $5.000 by’ibintu byo mu mazi bishobora gutwara hagati ya $3.000 na $5.000. Ubwikorezi bumwe bwo mu ndege bushobora gutwara amafaranga arenga $15.000 mu gutwara. Iri tandukaniro rikomeye rigira ingaruka ku nyungu. Kohereza ibiro 85 bishobora gutwara $400 kuri LCL (Umutwaro uri munsi y’ibikoresho byo mu mazi) binyuze mu bicuruzwa byo mu nyanja, mu gihe kohereza ibicuruzwa mu kirere bishobora gutwara $600. Ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere butanga igihe cyo gutwara ibintu vuba ariko bugera ku giciro kiri hejuru cyane. Muri rusange ubucuruzi buteganya kohereza ibintu mu kirere ku bicuruzwa byihutirwa cyangwa bifite agaciro gakomeye aho umuvuduko ari ngombwa. Ku bicuruzwa byinshi bito byo mu mazi bitumizwa mu mahanga, ibicuruzwa byo mu mazi bituma gutumiza ibintu nk'ibyo bihendutse.
Imyaro y'ingenzi yo kwinjira mu Bwongereza na Esipanye
Urusobe rw'ibyambu by'Ubwongereza ni ingenzi cyane mu guhuza ubucuruzi bw'Abongereza n'amasoko mpuzamahanga. Ibi byambu bitunganya toni zirenga miliyoni 500 z'imizigo buri mwaka. Ibikorwa remezo by'inyanja by'Ubwongereza bikora 95% by'ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga bw'igihugu. Hariho ibyambu by'ubucuruzi birenga 120, bitandukanye mu bunini n'ubuhanga. Ibyambu byo mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bikorera inzira z'i Burayi. Ibyambu byo mu burengerazuba bikorera ubucuruzi bwambukiranya Atalantika. Ibi bitanga umubano ukomeye mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga.
Icyambu cya Felixstowe ni cyo cyambu kinini cyane mu Bwongereza gitwara amakonteyineri. Gikorera hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy’imodoka zitwara amakonteyineri mu gihugu. Giherereye mu burasirazuba bw’Ubwongereza, cyatunganyije TEU miliyoni 3.3 mu 2023. Ibicuruzwa by’ingenzi birimo ibicuruzwa, imashini, n’ibiribwa. Icyambu cya Southampton ni irindi rembo rikomeye ry’ibicuruzwa by’Ubwongereza bitumizwa mu mahanga, cyane cyane biva muri Aziya. Cyatunganyije TEU miliyoni 1.8 mu 2023. Icyambu cya Londres ni ihuriro ry’ubucuruzi rikomeye ku ruzi rwa Thames. Cyatunganyije TEU miliyoni 3.2 mu 2023 na toni miliyoni 51.6 z’imizigo. Icyambu cya Liverpool ni ingenzi mu bucuruzi na Amerika na Irilande. Gifite TEU 900.000 buri mwaka ku mwaka.
Esipanye ifite kandi uburyo bukomeye bwo kubyambu. Ibyambu bitandukanye nka Barcelona, Cartagena, Algeciras/Cádiz, Castellón, Coruña/Ferrol, Valencia, Bilbao, Alicante, na Huelva bikoreshwa nk'ahantu ho kwinjira ibicuruzwa by'ubucuruzi. Bicuruzanya n'ibihugu nka Ubugereki, Irilande, Maroc, Ububiligi, Bulugariya, Ubufaransa, Ubutaliyani, Ubuholandi n'Ubwongereza. Icyambu cya Valencia ni cyo cyambu gihuze cyane mu nyanja ya Mediterane. Ni ihuriro rikomeye ry'ubucuruzi bwa Esipanye ku isi. Ibicuruzwa by'ingenzi birimo ubuhinzi, imashini, n'imiti. Icyambu cya Algeciras ni ihuriro rikomeye ry'ubucuruzi buhuza Uburayi na Afurika na Amerika. Icyambu cya Barcelona ni ihuriro rikomeye ry'ibikoresho bifite isano ikomeye n'amasoko yo muri Aziya. Gikora ku myenda, ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, n'imiti. Icyambu cya Bilbao ni ingenzi mu bucuruzi n'Ubwongereza n'Uburayi bw'Amajyaruguru. Gihanga mu bicuruzwa by'inganda n'ibikoresho biremereye.
Imiyoboro yo kubika no gukwirakwiza ububiko bw'ibikoresho byo mu gace
Gushyiraho uburyo bwiza bwo kubika no gukwirakwiza ibicuruzwa mu buryo bunoze ni ingenzi ku bicuruzwa bito bya B2B bitumizwa mu mahanga. Iyi miyoboro ifasha abakiriya kugera ku gihe mu Bwongereza na Esipanye. Gushyira ububiko mu buryo bunoze bigabanya ikiguzi cyo gutwara ibintu kandi bigabanya igihe cyo kubikuza. Ibi bituma ubucuruzi busubiza vuba ibyo bukeneye ku isoko. Gushyira ububiko neza bifasha kandi gucunga urwego rw'ububiko. Birinda ibura ry'ibikoresho kandi bigabanya ikiguzi cyo kubibika. Sisitemu yo gukwirakwiza ibicuruzwa iteguye neza ituma ibicuruzwa bigera aho bigomba kugera neza. Ibi byongera kunyurwa kw'abakiriya kandi bigashyigikira iterambere ry'ubucuruzi mu turere twombi.
Ibikenewe ku isoko n'uburyo ibicuruzwa bikoreshwa muri frigo nto
Ibigo bigomba guhindura frigo nto kugira ngo zihuze n'ibyo isoko rikeneye mu Bwongereza na Esipanye. Ibi birimo imiterere ya tekiniki, imiterere y'ibicuruzwa, n'uburyo bwo kwamamaza. Gusobanukirwa ibi bintu bito bituma ibicuruzwa birushaho kuba byiza kandi isoko rikagenda neza.
Ibisabwa ku ngufu n'ubwoko bwa plug
Abatumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bagomba kugenzura ko firigo nto zubahiriza amabwiriza y’amashanyarazi yo mu gace batuyemo. Mu Bwongereza, voltage isanzwe y’amashanyarazi ni 230V, naho frequency ikaba 50Hz. Ubwoko bw’imashini ikoreshwa cyane mu Bwongereza ni BS 1363. Abantu bakunze kuyita 'plug ya 13 amp' cyangwa 'socket ya 13 amp'. Esipanye kandi ikoresha voltage isanzwe y’amashanyarazi ya 230V n’inshuro ya 50Hz. Esipanye ikoresha ubwoko bwa plug ya Type C na Type F. Imashini ikoreshwa mu gukurura ubwoko bwa Schuko, ikurikiza amabwiriza ya CEE 7/4 na CEE 7/7. Imashini zikoreshwa mu gukurura ubwoko bwa C nazo zikunze gukoreshwa muri Esipanye. Zifite itandukaniro nka 10 Amp 250 V na 2.5 Amp 250 V Europlugs.
| Igihugu | Voltage (V) | Inshuro (Hz) |
|---|---|---|
| UK | 230 | 50 |
| Esipanye | 230 | 50 |
Igishushanyo n'Ibiranga Ibyitabwaho hakurikijwe Urwego
Inzego zitandukanye zisaba imiterere yihariye ya firigo nto n'ibintu biziranga. Ku rwego rw'amahoteli mu Bwongereza, ubucuruzi bukunda utubari duto tw'ubwenge n'udushya twibanda ku buzima. Bashaka uburyo bwo gukurikirana ibicuruzwa no kwishyuza bwikora. Utubari duto dufite ubuso bwo kurwanya mikorobe n'ibikoresho bigezweho byo gupima ibiryo nabyo birakurura iri soko. Ibikoresho bito by'ikoranabuhanga kandi bishingiye ku buzima bigezweho bihuye n'ibyo abashyitsi biteze. Ahantu ho mu maduka no mu biro hashobora gushyira imbere gukoresha ingufu neza no gushushanya neza.
Gushyira ahagaragara uburyo ikirango kibonwa n'abantu n'ubucuruzi bwacyo
Gushyira imbere uburyo ikirango gikoreshwa mu kugikoresha no kugikoresha mu kwamamaza ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo isoko rigere ku isoko. Ibigo bigomba guhindura ubutumwa bwabyo kugira ngo buhuze n'abaguzi bo mu Bwongereza na Esipanye. Ibi bikubiyemo gusobanukirwa imico n'imvugo z'ururimi. Ubukangurambaga bukora neza bugaragaza ibintu by'agaciro gakomeye kuri buri gice cy'isoko. Kuba ikirango gikoreshwa mu gace runaka byubaka icyizere kandi bigatera imbere mu kugurisha.
Inkunga nyuma yo kugurisha no kubahiriza garanti
Ibigo bitumizwa mu mahanga bikonjesha bito bigomba gushyiraho uburyo buhamye bwo gushyigikira nyuma yo kugurisha no kugenzura ko amabwiriza y’ingwate yubahirizwa. Ubu buryo bwubaka icyizere cy’abakiriya kandi bukubahiriza inshingano z’amategeko mu Bwongereza no muri Esipanye.
Mu Bwongereza, Itegeko ry’Uburenganzira bw’Abaguzi ryo mu 2015 rigenga cyane cyane uburenganzira bw’abaguzi ku bicuruzwa bifite inenge. Ubwo burenganzira buteganywa n’amategeko buriho butandukanye n’ingwate z’ubucuruzi zitangwa n’inganda. Inganda ntizitegetswe n’amategeko gutanga garanti y’ibicuruzwa. Ariko, iyo uruganda rubitanze, biba itegeko. Iri tegeko ryibanda ku kurengera abaguzi iyo ibicuruzwa bifite inenge. Rigaragaza uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo nko kwanga ibicuruzwa mu minsi 30 cyangwa gushaka gusana cyangwa gusimbuza nyuma y’iminsi 30. Itegeko ry’Uburenganzira bw’Abaguzi ryo mu 2015 rishyira mu bikorwa Amabwiriza yo kugurisha abaguzi (Amabwiriza 1999/44/EC) mu mategeko y’Ubwongereza. Iri tegeko rishyiraho urwego ntarengwa rwo kurinda abaguzi bagura ibicuruzwa. Ingwate yemewe n’amategeko ihora iri ku isosiyete igura, atari ngombwa ko ari yo ikora. Amasosiyete ntashobora kugabanya uburenganzira cyangwa inshingano zemewe n’amategeko binyuze mu mategeko n’amabwiriza.
Ku bikonjesha bito muri Esipanye, ubucuruzi bugomba kubahiriza amabwiriza yo kurengera abaguzi b’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi. Aya mabwiriza ategeka ko habaho nibura garanti y’imyaka ibiri yemewe n’amategeko kugira ngo ibicuruzwa bihuzwe. Ibi bituma abaguzi babona uburinzi ku nenge. Nubwo amategeko yihariye ya Esipanye nka 'Ley de Ordenación de la Edificación' (LOE) asobanura neza ingwate z’amazu mashya, aya mategeko ntareba ibicuruzwa by’abaguzi nka bikonjesha bito. Ahubwo, amategeko rusange y’abaguzi b’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi agenga garanti ku bikonjesha bito muri Esipanye. Ubucuruzi bugomba gutanga amasezerano y’ingwate asobanutse neza n’ubufasha bukomeye nyuma yo kugurisha. Ibi birimo serivisi zo gusana ziboneka ku buryo bworoshye no kubona ibice bisimbura ibindi. Gukurikiza aya mahame bituma abakiriya banyurwa kandi amategeko akaba yubahirizwa mu masoko yombi.
Imicungire y'Ingaruka n'Uburyo Bwiza bwo Gutumiza muri Frigo Nto
Ibigo bigomba gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zikomeye zo gucunga ingaruka kugira ngo ibikorwa byo kwinjiza ibicuruzwa bito bikonjesha bigende neza. Ibi bikorwa birinda ishoramari kandi bigatuma imiyoboro y'ibicuruzwa igenda neza. Ingamba zo gukora ku buryo bwihuse zifasha kugabanya ibibazo bishobora kuvuka ndetse n'igihombo cy'amafaranga.
Isuzuma ry'abatanga serivisi no kugenzura ubuziranenge
Gusuzuma neza abatanga ibicuruzwa ni byo shingiro ryo gucunga ingaruka. Ibigo bigomba gukora igenzura rikwiye ku bakora ibicuruzwa bashobora gukora. Ibi birimo gusuzuma ubushobozi bwabo mu gukora, inzira zo kugenzura ubuziranenge, n'amahame mbwirizamuco. Igenzura rihoraho ryo kugenzura ubuziranenge ni ingenzi mu gihe cyose cyo gukora. Iri genzura rituma ibicuruzwa byujuje ibisabwa mbere yo koherezwa. Igenzura ryigenga ritanga isuzuma ritabogamye ry'ubuziranenge bw'ibicuruzwa. Bigenzura ko byujuje ibisabwa mu buryo bwa tekiniki n'amabwiriza y'umutekano. Ubu buryo bugabanya inenge n'igaruka ry'ibicuruzwa.
Ubwishingizi bw'ibitumizwa mu mahanga n'uburyozwe
Kugira ubwishingizi bukwiye bw’ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga ni ingenzi cyane mu kurinda ibicuruzwa biri mu nzira. Ubwishingizi bw’imizigo yo mu mazi burinda igihombo cyangwa kwangirika kwa firigo nto mu gihe cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa. Ibi birimo ibyago nk’ubujura, impanuka, n’ibiza. Ibigo bigomba gusobanukirwa urwego rw’ubwishingizi n’ibindi byose bivanwaho. Gusobanura inshingano n’abatanga ibicuruzwa n’abatwara imizigo birinda amakimbirane. Urugero, iyo binjije firigo nto mu Bwongereza, ibigo bigomba kwemeza ko ubwishingizi bwabyo burinda urugendo rwose rugana aho bigeze. Ibi birinda ibintu bitunguranye bishobora kugira ingaruka ku nyungu.
Gutegura ibizamini byihutirwa ku bibazo byo gutumizwa mu mahanga
Ibigo bigomba kwitegura imbogamizi zitari ziteganijwe, cyane cyane gutinda kwa gasutamo. Bigaragaza ibishobora gutinda binyuze mu gukora ubushakashatsi ku gutinda kwa gasutamo ku masoko bigenewe. Kugumana ububiko buhagije bw'ibintu by'ingenzi bifasha kugabanya ihungabana riterwa no gutinda kwa gasutamo. Gushyiraho umubano n'abatanga ibicuruzwa b'inyongera bitanga umusaruro mu gihe ibicuruzwa bya mbere bihuye n'ibitinda. Ibigo bigomba gushyiraho ingengo y'imari yo gukusanya ibicuruzwa byihutishwa. Bashobora gukoresha ubu buryo mu gihe habayeho gutinda. Gutegura ingamba zisobanutse zo gutumanaho bituma abafatanyabikorwa bamenya amakuru mu gihe habayeho gutinda. Iyi gahunda igabanya ingaruka z'ibibazo bitunguranye.
Gukomeza Kumenyeshwa Impinduka mu Mategeko
Imiterere y’amategeko agenga ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga ihora ihinduka. Ibigo bigomba gukurikirana neza izi mpinduka kugira ngo bikomeze kubahiriza amategeko no kwirinda ihungabana. Guhorana amakuru bituma inzira za gasutamo zigenda neza kandi bikarinda ikiguzi kidasanzwe.
Ku mpinduka mu mategeko y’Ubwongereza, cyane cyane ku byerekeye amatangazo y’umutekano n’umutekano, ubucuruzi bushobora kureba amasoko ya leta yemewe. Guverinoma y’Ubwongereza itanga ubuyobozi busesuye ku bisabwa mu mutekano n’umutekano ku bicuruzwa byinjira n’ibisohoka mu mahanga. Ibi birimo amakuru arambuye ku matangazo y’incamake y’ibicuruzwa byinjira (ENS) ku bicuruzwa byinjira mu mahanga. Ubucuruzi bushobora kubona amabwiriza y’uburyo bwo gutanga aya matangazo. HMRC itanga kandi ibikoresho byo kwitegura, harimo FAQ n’amabwiriza yo gucunga iyubahirizwa rya ENS. Aya matangazo azaba itegeko ku bicuruzwa byinjira mu Bwongereza mu Burayi guhera ku ya 31 Mutarama 2025.
Komisiyo y'Uburayi ni isoko y'ingenzi yo kuvugurura amategeko agenga EU. Urugero, Ikigo gishinzwe gushushanya ibicuruzwa birambye (ESPR) gishyiraho ibisabwa bishya ku bicuruzwa. Kinashyiraho ingamba nka pasiporo y'ibicuruzwa by'ikoranabuhanga. Ibigo bishobora gukurikirana ibi bikorwa binyuze ku mapaji yemewe ya Komisiyo y'Uburayi. Aya mabwiriza agira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku miterere y'ibicuruzwa no ku iyubahirizwa ry'amategeko ku bicuruzwa bito binjira muri Esipanye.
Ibigo by’ubucuruzi nabyo bigomba gukurikirana impinduka mu Ishyirahamwe ry’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi ry’Inyito zihuriweho (CN). Iri zina rigira ingaruka ku misoro ya gasutamo n’uburyo ibicuruzwa bifatwa mu mibare. Komisiyo y’Uburayi isohora verisiyo nshya za Ishyirahamwe ry’Inyito zihuriweho. Gukurikirana aya mavugurura bireba ko amatangazo ya gasutamo ari yo meza. Gukurikirana aya masoko byihuse bifasha ibigo guhindura ingamba zabyo. Bituma bikomeza kubahiriza amategeko ku bikorwa byose byo mu Bwongereza cyangwa muri Esipanye.
Gutumiza firigo ntoya za B2B mu Bwongereza no muri Esipanye neza bishingiye ku gusobanukirwa neza imiterere yihariye ya buri soko. Igenamigambi ryimbitse no kubahiriza amabwiriza yihariye ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo hubahirizwe kandi hakorwe neza. Mu gukemura ibi bintu by'ingenzi, ubucuruzi bushyiraho ibikorwa bikomeye byo gutumiza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga, bukagabanya ibyago, kandi bukabyaza umusaruro amahirwe yo ku isoko mu turere twombi. Ubu buryo bw'ingamba butuma ubucuruzi bugenda neza kandi bukunguka ku bicuruzwa bito bya firigo bitumizwa mu Bwongereza na Esipanye.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
Ni irihe tandukaniro nyamukuru rigenga frigo nto mu Bwongereza ugereranyije na Esipanye?
Ubwongereza busaba gushyira ikimenyetso cya UKCA kuri firigo nto. Esipanye, nk'umunyamuryango w'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi, itegeka gushyira ikimenyetso cya CE. Utu turere twombi dufite amabwiriza ya WEEE ku myanda y'ikoranabuhanga.
Ni gute imisoro n'umusoro ku nyongeragaciro bitandukanye hagati y'Ubwongereza na Esipanye kuri frigo nto?
Ubwongereza bukoresha imisoro yabwo mpuzamahanga na TVA ya 20%. Esipanye, umunyamuryango w’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi, ikurikiza imisoro rusange y’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi kandi yishyuza 21% by’imisoro ku giti cyayo. Igipimo cy’amahoro giterwa n’ishyirwa mu byiciro ry’ibicuruzwa n’aho bikomoka.
Ni ibihe bintu by'ingenzi bigomba kwitabwaho mu kohereza firigo nto muri utu turere?
Ibigo bigomba guhitamo Incoterms nziza, nka CIF cyangwa FOB. Bigomba guhamagara abatwara imizigo n'abahuza ba gasutamo. Imizigo yo mu mazi ubusanzwe ihendutse cyane ku bicuruzwa byinshi.
Ese frigo nto zikenera uburyo bwihariye bwo guhindura amashanyarazi mu Bwongereza na Esipanye?
Ubwongereza na Esipanye byombi bikoresha amashanyarazi ya 230V na 50Hz. Ubwongereza busaba plug ya BS 1363. Esipanye ikoresha plug za Type C na Type F. Ibicuruzwa bigomba kubahiriza aya mabwiriza y'amashanyarazi yo mu gace.
Ni akahe kamaro ko gushyigikira nyuma yo kugurisha muri aya masoko?
Inkunga ikomeye nyuma yo kugurisha yongera icyizere ku bakiriya. Itegeko ry’Ubwongereza rigenga uburenganzira ku baguzi ryo mu 2015 rigenga ibicuruzwa bifite inenge. Esipanye, hakurikijwe amabwiriza y’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’u Burayi, itegeka ko habaho nibura garanti y’imyaka ibiri mu mategeko yo kubahiriza ibicuruzwa.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mutarama-28-2026